What is End-Stage Renal Disease?

End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is the final stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD), where the kidneys can no longer function effectively to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. At this stage, dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary for survival. ESRD affects millions of people in the USA, making it a significant public health concern. Early detection and management of kidney health can help slow down disease progression.

Causes of End-Stage Renal Disease

1. Diabetes (Diabetic Nephropathy)

Diabetes is the leading cause of ESRD in the USA. High blood sugar levels over time damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to impaired kidney function. Proper diabetes management is crucial to reduce the risk of ESRD.

2. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

Uncontrolled hypertension can strain the kidneys, reducing their ability to filter waste efficiently. Over time, this damage can lead to ESRD. Managing blood pressure through lifestyle changes and medications can help protect kidney function.

3. Chronic Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis refers to inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units (glomeruli). This condition can develop due to infections, autoimmune diseases, or unknown causes, leading to gradual kidney failure if left untreated.

4. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

PKD is a genetic disorder that causes fluid-filled cysts to grow in the kidneys. These cysts enlarge over time, impairing kidney function and eventually leading to ESRD.

5. Other Contributing Factors

• Lupus and Autoimmune Diseases – Conditions like lupus nephritis can cause kidney inflammation and damage.
• Obstructive Uropathy – Blockages in the urinary tract due to kidney stones, enlarged prostate, or tumors can damage the kidneys over time.
• Recurrent Kidney Infections – Frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs) or kidney infections can scar the kidneys, increasing the risk of ESRD.

Symptoms of End-Stage Renal Disease

ESRD develops gradually, and symptoms may not appear until kidney function is severely impaired. Recognizing these signs early can help patients seek timely medical intervention.

1. Severe Fatigue and Weakness

As kidney function declines, the body struggles to eliminate toxins, leading to fatigue, weakness, and difficulty concentrating.

2. Swelling in the Legs, Ankles, and Feet

Impaired kidney function results in fluid retention, causing noticeable swelling in the lower extremities due to excess sodium and water buildup.

3. Shortness of Breath

Fluid accumulation in the lungs can lead to difficulty breathing, particularly in advanced ESRD cases.

4. Nausea, Vomiting, and Loss of Appetite

The buildup of waste products in the blood (uremia) can cause digestive problems, leading to nausea, vomiting, and reduced appetite.

5. Persistent Itching

High levels of phosphorus in the blood, due to poor kidney filtration, can cause severe skin itching and irritation.

6. Changes in Urination

• Decreased Urine Output – In severe ESRD cases, the kidneys lose the ability to produce urine effectively.
• Foamy or Dark-Colored Urine – Indicates protein leakage or waste accumulation.

7. Muscle Cramps and Restless Legs

Imbalances in electrolytes such as calcium and potassium can lead to frequent muscle cramps and an uncomfortable sensation in the legs.

When to Seek Medical Help

Individuals experiencing symptoms associated with ESRD should consult a healthcare professional immediately. Early intervention and proper medical care can help slow disease progression and improve the quality of life.

Diagnosis of ESRD

Healthcare providers diagnose ESRD through various tests, including:

• Blood Tests – Measure creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels to assess kidney function.
• Urinalysis – Detects protein and other abnormalities in the urine.
• Imaging Tests – Ultrasound or CT scans help evaluate kidney size and structure.
• Kidney Biopsy – Identifies the underlying cause of kidney damage in specific cases.

Managing ESRD and Available Treatment Options

While ESRD is irreversible, treatment options are available to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

1. Dialysis

• Hemodialysis – Filters waste and excess fluids from the blood using a machine.
• Peritoneal Dialysis – Uses the lining of the abdomen to remove toxins through a special fluid.

2. Kidney Transplant

A kidney transplant is a long-term solution that replaces a non-functioning kidney with a healthy donor kidney. Patients need lifelong immunosuppressive medication to prevent organ rejection.

3. Lifestyle Modifications

• Dietary Changes – Reducing sodium, potassium, and phosphorus intake can help ease symptoms.
• Regular Exercise – Helps manage blood pressure and overall health.
• Medication Adherence – Following prescribed treatments can slow disease progression.

End-Stage Renal Disease is a life-threatening condition requiring timely medical intervention. Recognizing the early symptoms and understanding the risk factors can help individuals take proactive steps to manage their kidney health. SouthernOKC is committed to providing essential kidney care resources and treatment options to help patients navigate ESRD effectively. If you or a loved one is at risk, seeking medical advice can make a significant difference in managing kidney disease. Visit SouthernOKC to learn more about kidney health and available treatment solutions.